Foreign Authors on Vietnam: Christopher Hitchens - Le procès de Henry Kissinger

Le procès de Henry Kissinger est l'examen de Christopher Hitchens des crimes de guerre présumés de Henry Kissinger, le conseiller en sécurité nationale et plus tard Secrétaire d'État des États-Unis pour les présidents Richard Nixon et Gerald Ford. Agissant dans le rôle de la poursuite, Hitchens présente des preuves de la complicité de Kissinger dans une série de crimes de guerre en Indochine, Bangladesh, Chili, Chypre et le Timor oriental.

Le livre a inspiré le film documentaire 2002, Le Procès de Henry Kissinger, qui a été co écrit par Hitchens et l'écrivain / réalisateur américain, Alex Gibney. Hitchens fait une apparition dans le film, étant interrogés sur Kissinger. Le documentaire comporte également un film de Kissinger mais seulement en images d'archives.

Dans les mots de Hitchens, Kissinger mérite poursuites "pour crimes de guerre, crimes contre l'humanité, et pour des infractions contre le droit commun ou coutumier ou internationale, y compris la conspiration pour commettre assassiner, enlever, et la torture." Il l'appelle en outre "un menteur magnifique avec une mémoire remarquable."

Le livre prend la forme d'un document de poursuite, que Hitchens limite sa critique à ces accusations comme il croit pourraient se tenir debout dans un tribunal international du droit suivant les précédents établis à Nuremberg et ailleurs. Ce lien Kissinger aux blessés de guerre au Vietnam, au Bangladesh et en massacres et les assassinats Timor au Chili, Chypre, et à Washington, DC Hitchens, un écrivain pour Vanity Fair et The Nation, avaient des antécédents d'embrocher démocrates ainsi que républicains.

Le livre est écrit d'une position d'auteur de l'indignation morale, et appelle les Américains à ne pas ignorer le record de Kissinger. Dans les mots de l'auteur, «Ils peuvent soit persister dans leur regard d'éviter l'impunité flagrante dont jouit une guerre criminel notoire et transgresseur de la loi, ou ils peuvent devenir saisis par les normes exaltées pour lesquelles ils détiennent toujours tout le monde."

Le livre a été re publié en 2012 par Atlantic Books et douze livres avec deux autres polémiques courts par Hitchens, le missionnaire Position, une attaque sur le statut et la célébrité de Mère Teresa, et plus personne pour Lie To, une critique de la politique manœuvres et le caractère personnel du président Bill Clinton.

(Source: internet)


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Foreign Authors for Vietnamese: Recommended Readings for 2014

The Trial of Henry Kissinger (Google eBook)

Book Summary

"If the courts and lawyers of this country will not do their duty, we shall watch as the victims and survivors of this man pursue justice and vindication in their own dignified and painstaking way, and at their own expense, and we shall be put to shame."

Forget Pinochet, Milosevic, Hussein, Kim Jong-il, or Gaddafi: America need look no further than its own lauded leaders for a war criminal whose offenses rival those of the most heinous dictators in recent history-Henry Kissinger.

Employing evidence based on firsthand testimony, unpublished documents, and new information uncovered by the Freedom of Information Act, and using only what would hold up in international courts of law, THE TRIAL OF HENRY KISSINGER outlines atrocities authorized by the former secretary of state in Indochina, Bangladesh, Chile, Cyprus, East Timor, and in the plight of the Iraqi Kurds, "including conspiracy to commit murder, kidnap, and torture."

With the precision and tenacity of a prosecutor, Hitchens offers an unrepentant portrait of a felonious diplomat who "maintained that laws were like cobwebs," and implores governments around the world, including our own, to bring him swiftly to justice.

David Icke, The Lion Sleeps No More

Book Summary:

David Icke marks his 20th year of uncovering astounding secrets and suppressed information with the publication of his most amazing book yet. He takes the manipulation of the human race and the nature of reality to still new levels of understanding and he calls for humanity to rise from its knees and take back the world from the sinister network of families and non-human entities that covertly control us from cradle to grave. David has moved the global cutting edge so many times since his incredible awakening in 1990 until now.He describes what he calls the Moon Matrix, a fake reality broadcast from the Moon which is decoded by the human body/mind in much the same way as portrayed in the Matrix movie trilogy. The Moon Matrix has hacked into the human body-computer system, he says, and it is feeding us a manipulated sense of self and the world 24/7.

Huntington, The Clash of Civilisations and the Remaking of World Order

Book Summary:


An insightful and powerful analysis of the forces driving global politics today and into the next century. In the summer of 1993 Foreign Affairs published an article entitled 'The Clash of Civilizations?' by Samuel Huntington. No article, according to the editors of that distinguished journal, had generated more discussion since George Kennan's 'X' article on containment in the 1940's. Now, Huntington expands on his article, explores further the issues he raised then, and develops many new penetrating and controversial analyses. In the article, he posed the question whether conflicts between civilizations would dominate the future of world politics. In the book, he gives his answer, showing not only how clashes between civilizations are the greatest threat to world peace but also how an international order based on civilizations is the best safeguard against war.


Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine

Book Summary:


In THE SHOCK DOCTRINE, Naomi Klein explodes the myth that the global free market triumphed democratically. Exposing the thinking, the money trail and the puppet strings behind the world-changing crises and wars of the last four decades, The Shock Doctrine is the gripping story of how America’s “free market” policies have come to dominate the world-- through the exploitation of disaster-shocked people and countries. 


Duyen Nguyen, Behind the Smoke Curtain

Book Summary:

Behind the Smoke Curtain is a love story between an American journalist and a Vietnamese student at the Saigon University during the Vietnam War era. This work of romance will also provide readers with a panoramic view of the bloodiest and most gruesome war that America involved. While revealing the political lies and betrayals, its main purpose is to honor the young generation of American and Vietnamese soldiers who had sacrificed nobly and tremendously to fight for freedom and democracy.

R Stinnett, Day of Deceit (Pearl Harbour Story)

Book Summary:

In Day of Deceit, Robert Stinnett delivers the definitive final chapter on America's greatest secret and our worst military disaster. Drawing on twenty years of research and access to scores of previously classified documents, Stinnett proves that Pearl Harbor was not an accident, a mere failure of American intelligence, or a brilliant Japanese military coup. By showing that ample warning of the attack was on FDR's desk and, furthermore, that a plan to push Japan into war was initiated at the highest levels of the U.S. government, he ends up profoundly altering our understanding of one of the most significant events in American history.


Barbara Honegger, October Surprise

Book Summary:

The author worked for Ronald Reagan during his campaign for the Presidency, then served on the White House staff, and the Department of Justice. In 1983 she was the first to resignation of conscience from the Reagan-Bush Administration. "Their guiding principles were that loyalty to a royalist version of the Presidency was more important than the Constitution, and that the truth was a 'problem' to be solved."

Let's pray for a better World in 2014

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Foreign Author on Vietnam: Christopher Hitchens - The Trials of Henry Kissinger with full documentary

The Trial of Henry Kissinger (2001) 

is Christopher Hitchens' examination of the alleged war crimes of Henry Kissinger, the National Security Advisor and later United States Secretary of State for Presidents Richard Nixon and PresidentGerald Ford. Acting in the role of the prosecution, Hitchens presents evidence of Kissinger's complicity in a series of alleged war crimes in Indochina, Bangladesh, Chile, Cyprus and East Timor.

Highlights from the book were serialized in Harper's Magazine in February and March 2001.

The book inspired the 2002 documentary film, The Trials of Henry Kissinger, which was co-written by Hitchens and the American writer/director, Alex Gibney. Hitchens makes an appearance in the film, being interviewed about Kissinger. The documentary also features film of Kissinger but only in archive footage.

In the words of Hitchens, Kissinger deserves prosecution "for war crimes, for crimes against humanity, and for offenses against common or customary or international law, including conspiracy to commit murder, kidnap, and torture." He further calls him "a stupendous liar with a remarkable memory."

The book takes the form of a prosecutorial document, as Hitchens limits his critique to such charges as he believes might stand up in an international court of law following precedents set at Nuremberg and elsewhere. These link Kissinger to war casualties in Vietnam, massacres in Bangladesh and Timor and assassinations in Chile, Cyprus, andWashington, D.C. Hitchens, a writer for Vanity Fair and The Nation, had a history of skewering Democrats (he is the author of a provocative book on the Clintons, No One Left to Lie To) as well as Republicans.

The book is written from an authorial position of moral outrage, and calls for Americans not to ignore Kissinger's record. In the author's words, "They can either persist in averting their gaze from the egregious impunity enjoyed by a notorious war criminal and lawbreaker, or they can become seized by the exalted standards to which they continually hold everyone else."

The book was re-issued in 2012 by Atlantic Books and Twelve Books along with two other short polemics by Hitchens,The Missionary Position, an attack on the status and celebrity of Mother Teresa, and No One Left to Lie To, a criticism of the political manoeuvring and personal character of President Bill Clinton.

(Source: wikipedia)

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 YourVietBooks is a selection of books and articles on and about Vietnam. Categories include: Culture, History, Vietnam War, Politics, Biographies, Contemporary Vietnam, International Relations, Doing Business in Vietnam, Reference and Languages, Zen Buddhism, Philosophy, Art and Literature. Some articles are available only in English, French, German or Vietnamese. Our qualified and experienced translators can provide translations of e-books or articles on demand. Read more...

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Back To Square One: Một nghề lý tưởng những ngày đầu mới giải phóng

Original Title: Back To Square One, My Dream Job in RSVN Early Days, by Author Anh Tho Andres, Vietnamese Translation by Dieu Nguyen (May 2015)

Tôi mơ thấy mình đang theo dấu vết chân vẫn còn in đậm trên bãi cát Vũng Tàu, những dấu chân mà tôi đã để lại 35 năm về trước, cái thời tôi mới chân ướt chân ráo đến Thành phố Vũng Tàu để nhận nhiệm vụ sau khi tốt nghiệp trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn từ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.

30 năm tha hương xứ người, những kỷ niệm ngọt ngào xưa ùa về, đưa tôi trở lại ký ức năm nào.

Chuyện kể lại ở đôi dòng sau…

Tôi không biết trên đời này có công việc nào tuyệt vời hơn là công việc mà tôi được phân công tại Việt Nam, vào những năm đầu của thập kỷ 80: hướng dẫn viên du lịch kiêm phiên dịch viên cho Công ty Dịch vụ Hóa dầu.

Quả thật vậy, sau khi miền Nam được giải phóng, tôi là một trong những người may mắn hiếm hoi được trau dồi ngoại ngữ dưới vai trò một phiên dịch viên, hướng dẫn viên du lịch và chuyên viên quan hệ công chúng. Là một sinh viên vừa tốt nghiệp trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn, nói trôi chảy năm thứ tiếng, và xuất thân từ một gia đình “không thuộc thành phần chống đối”, tôi được phân công vào công ty du lịch danh tiếng nhất bấy giờ ở Vũng Tàu – thành phố trước đây được gọi là là Cap St Jacques (nghĩa là Mũi đất mang tên Thánh Giacôbê, tên do người Pháp đặt), được coi là một Rio de Janeiro Việt Nam.

Tôi vẫn nhớ như in ngày đầu tiên trong nghề, được giao đón tiếp một đoàn du khách Nga tới từ Mosow. Trước khi đoàn đến, tôi đã học đến thuộc nằm lòng kịch bản dẫn khách mà mình đã chuẩn bị từ trước đó bằng tiếng Nga, về những di tích văn hóa và danh thắng Vũng Tàu. Hôm đó, trời đầy nắng và gió. Đoàn du khách khởi đầu bằng chuyến đi vòng quanh đảo. Điểm dừng chân đầu tiên là Thích Ca phật đài ở Núi Lớn ở một ngôi đền trông ra toàn cảnh lộng lẫy, tráng lệ của Vũng Tàu, cũng là cửa sông Sài Gòn. Đoàn đi qua “Nhà Trắng” – khu nghỉ mát mùa hè của Vua Bảo Đại, và dừng chân tại một làng chài cách đó không xa.

Đoàn khách thường di chuyển trên chiếc xe Volga của Nga. Dọc đường đi, tôi thường kể cho du khách nghe về tất cả những gì tôi biết về đức tin, về con người, về văn hóa ẩm thực, cho dù vốn từ vựng tiếng Nga, tiếng Đức về Phật giáo có phần hạn chế, và thỉnh thoảng còn kể về những ước mơ của tôi. Rồi cả đoàn tới thăm đền Lăng Cá Ông và tượng Đức Trần Hưng Đạo, trên đường ra bãi sau, sau khi dừng chân uống nước tại Khách sạn Hòa Bình. Chương trình tham quan buổi chiều gồm việc viếng thăm chùa “Niết Bàn Tịnh Xá” (hay còn gọi là chùa “Phật nằm”).

Tôi tiếc rằng phải chi lúc đó mình có kiến thức phong phú về Phật giáo như bây giờ để có thể chia sẻ nhiều hơn về nghiệp chướng, luân hồi hay vô thường và những lý thuyết nhà Phật khác cho những du khách Nga và Đức đang chăm chú lắng nghe tôi nói, và có lẽ họ thường tự hỏi tại sao ở một quốc gia bị tàn phá do chiến tranh, một quốc gia được cho là có đường lối cộng sản khắt khe như đất nước chúng ta, lại có một cô gái nhỏ nhắn, trẻ trung với đầy nhiệt huyết, có thể nói chuyện về Goethe, Dostoievsky, Tolstoy, Krishnamurti và những điều đáng ngạc nhiên tương tự như thế.

Tôi nghĩ rằng họ thậm chí còn thấy ngạc nhiên hơn về khả năng ngoại ngữ của tôi khi tôi chia sẻ rằng tôi chưa bao giờ bước ra khỏi Việt Nam, rằng tôi học tiếng Pháp từ những cuốn tiểu thuyết của thế kỷ 19, tiếp thu tiếng Đức chỉ bằng phương pháp “Assimil” trong cuốn “Deutsch Ohne Muhe”, mà không có từ điển, học tiếng Nga từ những giáo trình chính trị (không có bất kỳ minh họa hình ảnh – âm thanh nào), và rằng tôi thường đi tới nhà thờ Baptist ngày chủ nhất trong suốt thời kỳ chiến tranh Mỹ để nâng cao trình độ tiếng Anh. Tôi không kể rằng các giáo sư người Mỹ dạy tôi là những sĩ quan hoặc lính Mỹ này thường đến lớp với một khẩu súng trường, sẵn sàng nhả đạn nếu có động tĩnh không hay. Tôi học ngoại ngữ trong những điều kiện học tập kể trên với khát khao và niềm háo hức vô tận để vươn ra thế giới.

Là người liên lạc duy nhất cho các đoàn khách từ nước ngoài, tôi trở thành “ngôi sao” trong mắt những vị khách quốc tế này. Họ thường xuyên chụp ảnh tôi tươi cười với làn da rám nắng trên bờ biển tuyệt đẹp của Vũng Tàu. Những bức hình của tôi theo về tới quê hương họ, là món quà kỷ niệm đáng trân trọng sau quãng thời gian ngắn ngủi ở một đất nước vẫn còn ngập tràn bí ẩn với thế giới. Còn với tôi, tôi vẫn giữ nguyên vẹn ký ức của những lần gặp gỡ đó.

Khi tôi gặp Kurt, người chồng Thụy Sỹ của mình sau này, tôi đoán rằng trong con mắt anh, tôi là hiện thân của những giấc mơ Việt Nam trong anh. Về sau, trong vô vàn những cuộc trò chuyện dài đêm khuya tận cho tới khi anh qua đời, Kurt đã thú nhận rằng không biết tại sao anh đã luôn mong mỏi đến Việt Nam, và khi gặp TÔI, anh ấy ĐÃ nhận ra lý do TẠI SAO. Những người bạn Việt của tôi nói rằng anh ấy là người Việt Nam ở kiếp trước. Tôi cũng tin là thế. Câu chuyện tình của tôi cùng Kurt có thể trở thành chủ đề của một bộ phim tình cảm lãng mạn tuyệt hay cho Hollywood, đặc biệt là đoạn kể về hoàn cảnh dẫn tới cuộc gặp gỡ khiến hai người quen nhau trong những năm đầu miền Nam Việt Nam sau khi chiến tranh chấp dứt.

Nhưng trước mắt, tôi muốn quay trở lại với những buổi dẫn đoàn du lịch, công việc hàng ngày của tôi trong nhiều năm liền.

Các đoàn tôi dẫn thường có 20 người, phần lớn tới từ Đông Âu, chủ yếu là thanh niên Đức và Nga, đôi khi Tôi còn tiếp đón một vài VIP hay khách của chính phủ, Thủ tướng, thậm chí những người nổi tiếng, ví dụ như Phạm Tuân – phi hành gia Việt Nam đầu tiên bay vào vũ trụ. Và trong một vài trường hợp hiếm hoi, Tôi dẫn tour cho các du khách Nhật, Mỹ và Pháp, hay ví dụ như trường hợp của Kurt, một trong những du khách Thụy Sỹ đầu tiên.

Sau chuyến đi buổi sáng và bữa trưa (thông thường là ăn tôm càng và các đặc sản biển khác) ở khách sạn quốc tế duy nhất tại Vũng Tàu, đoàn sẽ tới khu nghỉ mát trên biển dành cho du khách nước ngoài. Khác với các đồng nghiệp Hướng dẫn viên tại Vũng Tàu, tôi không chờ khách tại quầy lễ tân mà thường cùng đoàn đi bơi, tắm nắng, thưởng thức đồ ăn, nước uống khi họ mời, hoặc nếu không, tôi sẽ cùng họ ăn tối tại nhà hàng của khách sạn hay ăn cùng anh lái xe kiêm vệ sỹ cho những chuyến đi xa.

Ở Bãi Sau có một câu lạc bộ hạng sang với dịch vụ xa xỉ (so với tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam sau chiến tranh), được trang bị vòi tắm nóng lạnh, lọng che nắng, và được quản lý bởi người trông coi vịnh; có những cô gái rất đẹp phục vụ tại quầy bar, có đồ uống lạnh và cả nhân viên an ninh. Bãi cát chạy dài hàng cây số luôn sạch sẽ và chỉ dành riêng cho người nước ngoài, không cho phép phục vụ người dân địa phương. Tôi đồ rằng, ngoài lý do an ninh, chính quyền cũng đạn hạn chế sự tiếp xúc giữa người dân bản địa với khách ngoại quốc. Về sau, tôi mới biết rằng trong suốt thời kỳ tiền chiến tranh với Trung quốc, người ta đã phát hiện ra nhiều tàu chiến chở đầy vũ khí dọc bờ biển Baria, cách khách sạn tôi ở tầm 30 cây số.

Là một hướng dẫn viên du lịch, tôi cảm thấy tù túng khi bị giới hạn đường đi, bị quản thúc và bị theo dõi bởi những “đồng nghiệp” thuộc đội công ăn đặc nhiệm “A*”. Dĩ nhiên, ở thời điểm đó tôi không lường trước được những hình thức kỷ luật nếu bất tuân các lệnh về an ninh.

Quả vậy, theo yêu cầu của công ty, nhân viên thường phải dẫn các tour du lịch đã lên sẵn lịch trình, nên cơ quan an ninh có thể đã đợi sẵn trên đường. Tôi hay thay đổi lịch trình bởi vì tôi ghét sự lặp lại, cũng không thích bị ra lệnh và bị theo dỗi. Do đó, sếp tôi thường phê bình hành vi “thiếu kỷ luật” của tôi. Hành vi tự do đó xém gây nhiều phiền phức cho tôi, nếu không may mắn được trời phật phù hộ.

Có lẽ tôi phải cảm ơn cuộc đời tôi được quý nhân phù hộ

Một số bạn thân cho rằng sự may mắn của tôi chính là nhờ phước ông bà để lại, đã giúp tôi thoát những tình huống rắc rối như trong câu chuyện tôi sắp kể trong kỳ tới.

Tôi cũng phải công nhận là tôi thật may mắn.

Original Title: Back To Square One, My Dream Job in RSVN Early Years, by Author Anh Tho Andres, Vietnamese Translation by Dieu Nguyen (May 2015)

Đọc thêm các câu chuyện của tôi tại: http://www.yourvietbooks.com/2014/07/vietnamese-authors-anh-tho-andres-back_1.html?q=back+to+square+one

Bài tiếp theo sẽ là ORDER IS ORDER (Mệnh lệnh là mệnh lệnh).

About YourVietbooks.com
YourVietBooks is a selection of books and articles on and about Vietnam. Categories include: Culture, History, Vietnam War, Politics, Biographies, Contemporary Vietnam, International Relations, Doing Business in Vietnam, Reference and Languages, Zen Buddhism, Philosophy, Art and Literature.
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IR Literature_Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes

Original Title in English
By Authors: John Gillespie, Albert Chen
Publisher: Routledge, UK, ISBN:978-0-415-56104-4 (hardback) 978-0-203-85269-9 (electronic)

About the Book: Although the adoption of market reforms has been a key factor leading to China's recent economic growth, China continues to be governed by a communist party and has a socialist-influenced legal system. Vietnam, starting later, also with a socialist-influenced legal system, has followed a similar reform path, and other countries too are now looking towards China and Vietnam as models for development. 

This book provides a comprehensive, comparative assessment of legal developments in China and Vietnam, examining similarities and differences, and raising important questions such as: Is there a distinctive Chinese model, and/or a more general East Asian Model? If so, can it be flexibly applied to social and economic conditions in different countries? If it cannot be applied to a culturally and politically similar country like Vietnam, is the model transportable elsewhere in the world? Combining 'micro' or interpretive methods with 'macro' or structural traditions, the book provides a nuanced account of legal reforms in China and Vietnam, highlighting the factors likely to promote, change or resist the spread of the Chinese model.

Table of Contents

• Part I Introduction
• Chapter 1 Introduction: China and Vietnam Compared Albert Chen and John Gillespie;
• Chapter 2 Sequencing Chinese Legal Development Professor Randall Peerenboom;

• Part II Debating legal development in China and Vietnam
• Chapter 3 Legal Thought and Legal Development in the People's Republic of China Albert Chen;
• Chapter 4 The Juridification of State Regulation in Vietnam John Gillespie;

• Part III Developing an Administrative Law System
• Introduction: Michael Dowdle;
• Chapter 5 Towards Regulatory Neutrality in a Party-State? A Review of Administrative Law Reforms in China Assistant Dr Zheng Ge;
• Chapter 6 Achievements and challenges in developing an administrative law system in contemporary Vietnam Vu Doan Ket and Matthieu Salomon;

• Part IV Public access to justice
• Introduction: Nicholas Booth;
• Chapter 7 Access to Justice in China: Potentials, Limits and Alternatives Fu Hualing;
• Chapter 8 Publication and Public Access: the largely inaccessible Vietnamese court decision Pip Nicholson;

• Part V Commercial regulatory reforms
• Introduction: Donald Clarke;
• Chapter 9 Commercial Regulatory Reform in China during Transition: An Alternative Path to the Regulatory State Assistant Dr Leng Jing;
• Chapter 10 Vietnam: The development of commercial regulation in Vietnam Melanie Beresford;

• Part VI The evolving role of legal education Introduction: Jerry Cohen;
• Chapter 11 China's Lawyers and their Training: Enduring Influences and Disconnects Alison Conner;
• Chapter 12 Legal Education in Vietnam: To Change or Not to Change? Bui Bich Thi Lien;

• Part VII Legal diffusion: the role of non-state actors in shaping the regulatory environment
• Introduction: Michael Dowdle.

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IR - One Definition A Day - International Organisations

One-definition-a-day: International Organisations (p. 270, Ref. 1)

Formal institutional structures transcending national boundaries which are created by multilateral agreement among nation-states. Their purpose is to foster international cooperation in areas such as security, law, economic and social matters and diplomacy. They are a relatively recent phenomena although many commentators, from the Ancient Greeks onwards, have advocated their creation in one guise or another. In fact they began to emerge in the context of the nineteenth-century European state system where there were specific and self-conscious attempts to facilitate international intercourse and to provide a functional enabling procedure for common international endeavours.

The first of these was the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine in 1815 and the most well known was modern International Telecommunication Union (ITO). In the twentieth century these organisations have proliferated to such as extent that on almost every issue, over and above the traditional state-to-state diplomatic network there exists a more or less permanent framework of institutions through which collective measures can be realised.

Modern international organisations are of two basic types, the 'public' variety known as intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) and the 'private' variety, the international non-governmental organisations (INGOs). Foremost examples of the former would be the League of Nations and the United Nations and of the latter, the International Red Cross and Amnesty International. Common characteristics of both types are voluntary membership, permanent organisation, a constitutional structure, a permanent secretariat and a consultative conference. 

IGOs are established by treaty thus their competence is initially limited to the specifics of the convention, but organisational task expansion to meet new contingencies will commonly follow if the IGO is to respond to change. In this way, although states retain ultimate authority, international organisations not only provide a means for cooperative action but also multiple channels of communication which on varying levels overlie traditional diplomatic structures. For example, it has been estimated that at present over 389 public and 4'700 private international organisations are operative on a day-to-day basis in world politics.

The theory of international organisation has evolved from developments in such areas as internationalism, trans-nationalism, complex interdependence, the study of regimes, functionalism, federalism and integration. 

The central focus of all these concerns is an attempt to get beyond the political, social and economic fragmentation which has traditionally characterised the more parochial and individualistic views of classic realism. While it is not easy to access the extent to which international organisations have contributed to the growth of internationalism, two basic views can be identified. 

On one hand, they are seen as early prototypes for an emerging global governance, and on the other they are regarded as ineffectual and largely symbolic subterfuges for unilateralism, which is the 'real' or 'proper' source of international behaviour. Neither extreme adequately captures the role of international organisations in contemporary world politics. Although doubts persist as to whether they are autonomous international actors with a defined legal personality, few deny that they have made an enormous contribution to the management of international relations.


(Source: Penguin Dictionary of IR)

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IR - One Definition A Day: IMF_International Monetary Fund

IR - One Definition A Day: IMF (International Monetary Fund)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established as part of the Bretton Woods system in 1944. Subsequently it became part of the UN structure. In conjunction with the World Bank, the IMF was regarded as one of the central institutions for the managment of post-war economic relations.

The IMF, as the name implies, was intended to supply international liquidity to member states finding themselves in balance of payments difficulties. In addition the Fund was to manage a system of stable (rather than fixed) exchange rates. A particular currency would have a 'par value' which was expressed in terms of dollars. Alteration of that rate would be effected, with the approval of the Fund, if the states' external payments balance was held to be in 'fundemenatal disequilibrium'. 

As already stated, in addition to its supervision of the exchange rate regime, the Fund lends money to member states in balance of payments difficulties. It is always assumed that the monetary authorities of the recipient state would take appropriate measures to correct such imbalances and indeed it has become a feature of the IMF lending that so-called 'conditionality' stipulations would be part of the 'rescue package'. 

Recognition of the right to lay down such conditions is indicated by the recipient government issuing a 'letter of intent' to the IMF. This whole procedure - of laying down conditions which are then accepted in the letter - is clearly a significant erosion of state sovereignty. Although an accepted and expected feature of the IMF's conduct it is not without controversy. The IMF has a tradition of requiring states in receipt of its loans to make structural adjustments to rectify the disequilibrium. Thus raising taxes and interest rates and cutting public expenditure, including subsidies, are typical IMF-preferred policies.

The linchpin of the original Bretton Woods arrangement was the US dollar. The gold/dollar exchange rate had been fixed at 35 dollars per ounce in 1934 and it was assumed that this exchange rate was, to all intents and purposes fixed and immutable. During the early post-war period of reconstruction the principal concern about the dollar was its shortage. 

Although the US balance of payment began to move into deficit during the 1950s it was not regarded as serious. As long as the dollar shortage remained other states in the system were willing to see the US running deficits which were financed by the export of dollars. The IMF system was, in fact, a gold exchange standard with the dollar regarded as being 'as good as gold' for these purposes. The IMF system of stable exchange rates established as a fundamental principle of the system after 1944 began to be seriously questioned towards the end of the 1960s. By 1961 the great emerging problem was the US deficit. By running a deficit the US was funding the system but equally was running the risk that, if confidence collapsed, then a forced devaluation of the dollar would be necessary.

When the collapse of confidence in the dollar eventually came in 1971 it was both spectacular and momentous. Speculative attacks upon the dollar were encouraged by a series of poor trade figures which seemed to suggest that the link between gold and the dollar might have to be suspended or ended altogether. In August 1971 the US President announced that the convertibility of the dollar into gold was temporarily suspended. At the end of a year a joint meeting of the Group of Ten (G10) and the Excutive Directors of the Fund agreed to devalue the dollar 10 per cent against the other currencies in the Group. These decisions effectively brought down the Bretton Woods  system of stable exchange rates. Following a second dollar devaluation in February 1973 the system was abandoned and the new era of 'floating' rates replaced it.

Cautious and considered deliberations of these changes were reduced by the first oil shock in 1973-4. Suddenly states were moving massively into credits or debit on their balance of payments. Any chance of structured reform was abandoned and floating continued into the future. The Jamaica Agreement of January 1976 amended the Articles of Agreement of the Fund to legitimize floating. In reality there has been a good deal of 'managment' of the float by the central banking authorities of the principal G10 states since. The Jamaica Agreement also confirmed that for the future the Special Drawing Rights (SDR) would be the principal reserve asset of the Fund.

The debt crisis of the 1980s was a significant issue area in IMF management strategies. The IMF-Mexico resource package of November 1982 extended almost 4 billion dollars of IMF credit lines in return for structural adjustments such as reducing the budget deficit and subsidies from the Mexican government. Further IMF conditionality included a 5 billion dollar credit from commercial banks to match the IMF monies. The Mexican agreement became the model for other IMF-sponsored rescue packages. 

These atttempts at debt crisis management proved to be a Faustian bargain for many recipients. Growth rates significantly deteriorated as debt as a proportion of GNP rose. IMF structural adjustment demands were the object of party political atttacks from opposition groups. Eventually a new initiative under the so-called Brady Plan allowed for debts to be re-negotiated to reduce interest payments and, in some cases, to rescind the debt totally. Throughout the IMF has continued to insist upon structural adjustments as condition for debt relief.


French translation by Anh Tho Andres @YourVietnamExpert.com
Vietnamese translation by Cuong Phan
German translation by Han Dang-Klein 

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YourVietBooks is a collection of books on Vietnam for Readers who are interested in Vietnam's History, Culture, Language, Economy, or Business. Most titles are in English, but some are only available in French or Vietnamese. We can provide interested parties an accurate translation of some parts of the books for your research purposes. Translations are done by YourVietnamExpert's qualified and experienced translators. contact@yourvietnamexpert.com

IR - One Definition A Day: Persona non grata

IR - One Definition A Day: Persona non grata

Term normally associated with diplomacy whereby a receiving state declares that it is unwilling to accept or receive a diplomat representative of another state. This may occur at the initial stage of appointment (agréation) or more usually it may occur after the granting of persona grata (acceptability) when the diplomat concerned has violated the rules of normal diplomatic behaviour. The declaration of persona non grata represents a serious diplomatic initiative since it involves expulsion or at least a request that the diplomat be recalled to his country of origin. Tit-for-tat expulsions are not an uncommon feature of contemporary international relation.

(Source: wikipedia)

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YourVietBooks is a collection of books on Vietnam for Readers who are interested in Vietnam's History, Culture, Language, Economy, or Business. Most titles are in English, but some are only available in French or Vietnamese. We can provide interested parties an accurate translation of some parts of the books for your research purposes. Translations are done by YourVietnamExpert's qualified and experienced translators. contact@yourvietnamexpert.com

IR Literature: VIETNAM VIEWED BY WTO

Đánh giá chính sách thương mại Việt Nam từ quan điểm WTO

BY

VIETFIN MONITOR

 – SEPTEMBER 28, 2013POSTED IN: TÁC ĐỘNG VĨ MÔ, THẾ GIỚI, THỊ TRƯỜNG CHỨNG KHOÁN, TOÀN CẢNH KINH TẾ,VIỆT NAM HỘI NHẬP

28-9-2013 (VF) — Việt Nam gia nhập WTO đầu năm 2007. Đã sắp 7 năm, và việc đánh giá cũng là theo lệ. Tuy nhiên, đánh giá tới 183 trang (toàn thể) vẫn có nhiều điểm đáng chú ý.

Môi trường kinh tế

1. Cải cách kinh tế và chính trị (Đổi Mới) đã chuyển biến VN từ một trong những nước nghèo nhất thế giới thành quốc gia thu nhập trung bình ở bảng dưới; và từ nền kinh tế kế hoạch tập trung sang định hướng kinh tế thị trường thông qua hòa nhập từ từ vào hệ thống đầu tư và thương mại toàn cầu.

Tự do hóa đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài (FDI) và thương mại trở thành bộ phận gắn kết của cải cách cấu trúc, góp phần cải thiện sức cạnh tranh cũng như tăng trưởng dựa vào xuất khẩu.

Mặc dù Việt Nam có mức độ phát triển kinh tế nhanh, sức cạnh tranh quốc tế dường như đang bị đe dọa trong những năm gần đây. Cụ thể hơn, bất kể năng suất lao động tăng ở mức nào, đóng góp của TFP vào tăng trưởng nền kinh tế đang suy giảm nhanh.

Read more on 
http://www.vietfin.net/danh-gia-chinh-sach-thuong-mai-viet-nam-tu-quan-diem-wto/



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YourVietBooks is a selection of books and articles on and about Vietnam. Categories include: Culture, History, Vietnam War, Politics, Biographies, Contemporary Vietnam, International Relations, Doing Business in Vietnam, Reference and Languages, Zen Buddhism, Philosophy, Art and Literature.
Some articles are available only in English, French, German or Vietnamese. Our qualified and experienced translators can provide translations of e-books or articles on demand. Read more...

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MORE NEWS ON VIETNAM: OVERVIEW OF VIETNAM ECONOMY OCT 9, 2013 BY VIETFIN.NET

Toàn cảnh kinh tế Việt Nam 9-10-2013

9-10-2013 (VF) — Những quan sát chính rút ra từ dòng thời sự theo ngày của VietFin.net, được cập nhật liên tục từ sáng tới khuya.

* Đáng chú ý trong ngày:

• Kho bạc Nhà nước: 9T.2013 vốn đầu tư giải ngân qua Kho bạc Nhà nước là gần 164 nghìn tỷ đồng, đạt 67% kế hoạch vốn Nhà nước giao.
• HSBC: Xuất khẩu của Việt Nam đến các nước châu Á (trừ Nhật Bản) sẽ tăng hơn 15%/năm trong giai đoạn 2013-2020.

More news on Vietnam at 

Op-Economica

Đình Tiền Tạc Dạ Nhất Chi Mai

DIỄN BIẾN NỘI ĐỊA

* Tài chính- Ngân hàng:

Vụ Dự báo & Thống kê tiền tệ (thuộc NHNN) đã tiến hành điều tra xu hướng kinh doanh Q4.2013 đối với toàn bộ các tổ chức tín dụng (TCTD) và chi nhánh ngân hàng nước ngoài tại Việt Nam. Theo đó, 50% TCTD cho biết, đã hoặc sẽ tăng dư nợ cho vay tiêu dùng; 36,6% TCTD cho biết, đã hoặc sẽ tập trung thúc đẩy cho vay doanh nghiệp có vốn đầu tư nước ngoài; khoảng 40% TCTD cho biết, đã hoặc dự kiến sẽ cắt giảm tín dụng cho lĩnh vực đầu tư bất động sản trong Q3 và Q4.2013 (SBV, 8-10).

Ông Bùi Huy Thọ, Phó vụ trưởng Vụ Quản lý cấp phép các tổ chức tín dụng và hoạt động ngân hàng (Cơ quan Thanh tra giám sát ngân hàng, NHNN), cho biết tính chung năm 2012 và 9T.2013, số lượng tổ chức tín dụng giảm đi 5 tổ chức thông qua sáp nhập, hợp nhất, giải thể (gồm 3 NH cổ phần; 1 công ty tài chính trong nước và 1 công ty cho thuê tài chính nước ngoài (TNO, 9-10).

Tính đến cuối T9.2013, mức tăng trưởng tín dụng của Vietcombank so với cuối 2012 đã lên 5,1% (bao gồm tín dụng cho vay, đầu tư trái phiếu doanh nghiệp). Dự tính mức tăng trưởng tín dụng cả năm 2013 của ngân hàng này ít nhất sẽ đạt 10% (VnEconomy, 9-10).

Cơ quan Thanh tra NHNN vừa công bố quyết định xử phạt hành chính 6 triệu đồng đối với Ngân hàng liên doanh Việt Thái (VSB) do đã vi phạm quy định về phân loại nợ và trích lập dự phòng rủi ro (Pháp luật TP.HCM, 9-10).

Read more under

http://opeconomica.wordpress.com/2013/10/09/toan-canh-kinh-te-viet-nam-9-10-2013/


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IR - One Definition A Day: MFN - Most Favoured Nation

IR - One Definition A Day:

MFN - Most Favoured Nation

This fundamental principle of international trade seeks to establish and advance the principle of equality of treatement and non-discrimination among trading states. The principle may be illustrated by taking a bilateral situation thus: under mfn principles, the parties will extend to each other the same advantages that they have extended to other third parties in the past, or are extending to others concurrently, or intend to extend in the future. Most favoured nation (mfn) principles are typically applied to tariffs and if these principles are applied consistently, they should lead to mutual and balanced tariff reductions.
It is generally agreed that the MFN principle began to be applied to international trade in the eighteenth century, reaching its peak in the last decades of the nineteenth. The First World War and the events thereafter led to the weakening of its application but with the formation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 a concerted attempt was made to resuscitate these ideas by writing them into the first article of GATT. At the same time GATT allows important exceptions to the mfn principle. Crucially trade blocs, free trade areas and common markets are all except. The emergence of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Developement (UNCTAD) in the 1960s further weakened the mfn principle because the Third World called for a system of positive discrimination in their favour to replace it. This call has been recognized system of preferences between advanced industrial countries (AICS) and the Third World.
The mfn principle remains a testament to those who believed in a liberal, equal, non-discriminator international trading system.

Read more on multilateralism, reciprocity


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IR - One Definition a Day: International Relations (IR)

One-Definition-A-Day: International Relations (IR), (p. 274, Ref. 1)

This term is used to identify all interactions between state-based actors across state boundaries. The term can immediately be compared with, though is broader than, international politics. Indeed, the latter is subsumed as one, and certainly one of the most important, sub-fields of international relations. Thus international law is part of international relations but not international politics. Law is, after all, certainly in its customary form, created by interactions between state-based actors. Similarly international economic relations are part of international relations but not international politics. This is not to say that political calculations will not intrude into these areas, but only that they can be separated for the purposes of analysis.

International relations (IR) is thus an interdisciplinary and heterogeneous area of study. It has no unifying methodology because, taken with three examples mentioned above, international economics is an empirical social science, international law is far more normative than most social sciences while international politics is eclectic, borrowing from a number of traditions and divided in many minds into a rather unruly flock of activities. It should also be noted that the above listing is illustrative rather than exhaustive, diplomatic history, which again has its own methodology, being an obvious omission.

Despite its multidisciplinary and fragmented nature, most students of international relations view it as a sub-discipline of political science, broadly conceived. Although the main professional societies in the Anglo-American world have specifically and deliberately avoided using the term IR in order to indicate its multidisciplinary character (The International Studies Association and the British International Studies Association) the majority of members are in fact drawn from the study of politics. Indeed the domain of IR is often still referred to as 'international politics' despite the differences noted above. This terminological imprecision can also be noted in related labels such as 'world politics', 'foreign affairs', 'international affairs' and more recently 'international studies' and 'global politics'. Foreign policy analysis, security studies, International Political Economy and normative theory are the most vibrant sub-fields and these also are dominated by political scientists.

History and approaches

As a separate fields of academic inquiry distinct from International law, Political Theory and Diplomatic History, IR effectively began with the establishment of its first chair at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth in 1919. The first general theoretical perspective was popularly labelled idealism and was characterized by a belief in progress; that the international system could be transformed into a fundamentally more peaceful and just world order.

From the start therefore IR was policy-orientated. Thereafter the subject underwent a succession of waves of theoretical activity which inspired a number of 'great debates' within the discipline. In rough chronological order (mindful that these 'schools' are not exclusive and do overlap) these are: realism, behaviorism, neo-realism, neo-liberalism, world systems theory, critical theory and postmodernism. These perspective shifts often involved bitter disputes about methodology, epistemology and ontology. However, there is now general acceptance within IR that given the range and complexity of the subject matter, a wide variety of theoretical approaches might be an asset rather than a liability. 

Most of these paradigm controversies were centred on the work of analysts in the USA and Europe (sometimes, inaccurately referred to as the 'Anglo-Amercian tradition' which tended to concentrate on great power/superpower issues. IR students in the Third World or South by and large, by-passed these debates and not unnaturally focused on particular policy problems with their states or regions. 

Overall theoretical perspectives, if developed at all, usually had their origins in Marxist/Leninist theories of imperialism in dependency theory and structuralism. With the ending of the Cold War, IR like its subject matter is in the state of flux. The two dominant perspectives are neo-realism and neo-liberalism but the general uncertainty about the continued validity of the state as the key actor in world politics, has led to doubts about the ability of IR in its present form, to survive as a separate area of academic study.

Remarks: ONE DEFINITION A DAY is a campaign by YourVietBooks.com to encourage young Vietnamese talents to practise their translation skills and learn more on Vietnam's Culture, the Land and the People. Volunteers are welcome to contribute their translated version of today's DEFINITION in the comments below.

Original Title in English: Dictionary of International Relations, Penguin (1998) by Authors Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham

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IR - One Definition A Day: AICs - North-South

IR - One Definition A Day: AICs - Advanced Industrial Countries

UN abbreviation for North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australasia. These states are often referred to simply as the North in documents such as the Brandt Report 1980.

The North
The term 'North' is a loose, portmanteau concept used in the advanced industrial countries (AICs). It is particularly popular in political economy and, in terms of developmental models, it may be regarded as being synonymous with the growth of the First World. Systems analysis tends to juxtapose it with the equally amorphous concept of the south. Indeed, the popular title of the first Brandt Report was 'North-South?'

The South
A collective noun used in the context of international political economy to identify a group of state actors. The first Brandt Report referred to the 'South' as broadly synonymous with 'developing' and 'poor' (Brandt, 1980, p. 31). The burden of the Brandt case was that the term was a dialectic antithesis to north and that the 'divide' could and should be bridged by Northern policies of self-interested cooperation. Gill and Law (1988) criticîze 'South' as contestable label but then proceed to use it, thereby selling the pass of conceptual clarity for the sake of convenience. Unlike the term 'Third World',  'South' is not derived from a particular ideological persuasion but it is rather a stipulative term for a typology of state action as the Brandt usage demonstrates.
The case against using the term at all in the analysis of international relations (IR) is that there is so much differentiation within the classification as to render it useless. At the top end of the range are the NICs as the archetype middle income growth-orientated economies. At the bottom end are located the 'famine belt' states of the fourth world. The end of the Cold War era in world politics and the collapse of communism has left the South with an absense of alternatives to the Northern model of market economics. In many parts of the South economic inefficiencies are compounded by political corruption and failure of leadership. Defections from Southern ranks will continue as individual states break out of the vicious cycle of low income-growing population-low growth. This will lead to an increasing fragmentation of Southern solidarity. The nightmare scenario for the rump of the South may be Northern indifference more than anything else.

North South
(à compléter)

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IR - One Definition A Day: Bretton Woods System

IR - One Definition A Day : Bretton Woods

A series of multilateral agreements on international economic relations were reached at Bretton Woods (BW/US) in July 1944 under the aegis of the embryo UN. Forty-four states agreed to a Final Act establishing an IMF and an International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). The proposals that were discussed at BW were the outcome of a series of bilateral nogotiations conducted between the US and the UK over the previous two years. The IBRD was described by the London Economist in 1945 as a 'much simpler project which has attracted neither much discussion nor much hostility...'. 

The IMF, on the other hand, was from its inception more controversial. The two states concerned with these preliminaries, the US the UK had ratehr divergent ideas about the future monetary regime. These differences were made public in, respectively, the White Plan, originating in the US Treasury, and the Keynes Plan, originating in the UK Treasury. White envisaged a Stabilisation Fund made up entirely of contributions from member states. Keynes envisaged a Clearing Union based on the overdraft principle and employing a new unit of account - the 'bancor'. Whereas the total available liquidity remained constant under White - so that drawing rights equalled liabilities - in the Keynes scheme additional liquidity could be pumped into the system to enable debtor states to overdraw. Conversely, creditor states would provide the main collateral in this arrangement.

The Anglo-American differences over the putative IMF are sometimes peresented as the conservative versus the radical views of the future. It should be noted, however, that both schemes tended to reflect the perceived national interests of the parties advocating them. In the event, the US bargaining position was more credible and the Bretton Woods conference produced a fund which bore a close family resemblance to the White Plan.

The term 'Bretton Woods system' is often used to refer to these two institutions and to the regimes established. Both have changed considerably since their inception. Accordingly, the reference to 'Bretton Woods' is of historical, rather than contemporary, validity.


(Source: wikipedia)


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