IR - One Definition A Day: Persona non grata

IR - One Definition A Day: Persona non grata

Term normally associated with diplomacy whereby a receiving state declares that it is unwilling to accept or receive a diplomat representative of another state. This may occur at the initial stage of appointment (agréation) or more usually it may occur after the granting of persona grata (acceptability) when the diplomat concerned has violated the rules of normal diplomatic behaviour. The declaration of persona non grata represents a serious diplomatic initiative since it involves expulsion or at least a request that the diplomat be recalled to his country of origin. Tit-for-tat expulsions are not an uncommon feature of contemporary international relation.

(Source: wikipedia)

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IR - One Definition A Day: Quasi-States

IR - One Definition A Day: Quasi-states

A term used by Bull and Watson in the Expansion of International Society (1984) and later popularized by Robert H. Jackson (1990). It refers to ex-colonial states of Asia, Africa and Oceania, which through the process of decolonization have achieved 'juridical' statehood but lack many of the attibutes of 'empirical' statehood. They possess all the trappings and formal qualities of sovereign independent statehood - in particular the rights and responsibilities stemming from full membership of the international community - but are deficient in 'the political will, institutional authority and organized power to protect human rights or to provide sio-economic welfare' (p. 21, Jackson). In effect, quasi-states are states in name only; they are able to survive despite being insufficient, unstable and illegitimate by operational rules implicit in the new international order established after 1945. 

They are protected from the traditional fate of weak, fragmented states - foreign intervention - by new international norms such as anti-colonialism, the right to ex-colonial self-determination and racial sovereignty; ideas which are underwritten by the spread of egalitarian and democratic values which have their origins in Western social and political movements. In other words, they escape the classic security dilemna by virtue of the existence of a 'nanny' international society which fosters a culture of entitlement (to sovereignty and its attendant rights) and a culture of dependence (protection and foreign aid) which enables them to survive despite their malformations. 

Whereas in the past, such entities if they survived the power struggle at all were subordinated in the international system, today they enjoy equal status with all others. According to Jackson, quasi-states and their external support structures - which amount to the international communities version of 'affirmative action programmes' - reflect a new doctrine of 'negative sovereignty' which was created expressly for the independence of the Third World. Thus, post-colonial international society has sheltered these new entities from the harsh balance of power and sell-help rules associated with traditional criteria for state-creation and maintenance.

The dire consequences of economic inviability, social/ethnic fragmentation and human rights abuses have been highlighted by Robert Kaplan in his influential article 'The Coming Anarchy' (1964). For Kaplan, these quasi-states all too often become failed states. In the post-cold war period the pivotal rule which upholds quasi-states, the rule of non-intervention is now under threat. Increased global concern with human rights, the movement towards good governance, the increased popularity of the idea of humanitarian intervention as well as simple donor fatigue may serve to restrict the political space enjoyed by quasi-states. But for so long as the values of ex-colonial self-determination and sovereign equality are regarded as 'groundnorms' of post-Westphalian international relations these entities will continue to be a settled feature of the international landscape.

(Source: wikipedia)
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IR - One Definition A Day: Fourth World

IR - One Definition A Day: Fourth World

A shorthand term for what the UN has called the least developed countries. These states are distinguished by very low per capital Gross Domestic Products (GDPs), low levels of literacy and low levels of manufacturing development. Geographically, the Fourth World is confined to two continents: Africa and Asia. 

In Africa, the so-called 'famine belt' stretches across the midlle of the continent from Mauritania to the Sudan; in this region the already vulnerable economies have recently been exacerbated by drought. In Asia, the paradigm Fourth World state is Bangladesh. States can slip into this category as a result of man-made rather than natural conditions. Afghanistan and Mozambique, states ravaged by revolutionary insurgency and forein intervention, can be cited here.

In terms of the global hierarchy of states, the Fourth World clearly refers to those actors at the margin of the system. The UN and agencies such as UNCTAD, as well as influential bodies of private interests such as the Brands Reports Commission, have sought to draw the attention of elites and attentive publics in the rest of the system to the plight of these states. See also quasi-states.


(Source: wikipedia)


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IR - One Definition A Day: Pivotal States

IR - One Definition A Day: Pivotal States

A geopolitical term applied to those (conventionally peripheral) states whose fate may well determine regional and/or international stability. The maritime equivalent would be choke points. The classic nineteenth-century examples are Turkey, simultaneously 'the sick man of Europe' and the epicentre of Russo-British imperial rivalry over respective spheres of influence in the Eastern Mediterranean, and Belgium. Regarding the latter, Napoleon, who had good reason to be well versed in these matters, described Antwerp as 'a pistol levelled at the very heart of England'. 

In recognition of this, after separation from Holland in 1830, the new Belgian state was granted permanent neutrality status and thereafter (until 1945) its continued territorial integrity was considered a vital national interest by Britain. During the Cold War with the widespread acceptance of the Domino theory, virtually all peripheral states were pententially 'pivotal' since the 'fall' or 'loss' of one necessarily involved the collapse of others resulting in a threat to international stability. According to some recent commentators (Chase, Hill and Kennedy, 1996) in the post-Cold War era the new, holistic security agenda with its emphasis on non-military / diplomatic threats such as overpopulation, environmental degradation, ethnic conflict, migration, aides, hunger, poverty, narcotics etc., necessitates a 'new pivotal strategy' for the USA. 

Identifying these states then becomes an important policy planning task for Washington policy-makers. Identification criteria are notoriously fuzzy and subjective but at least four sets of factors are crucial; a large population, an important geographical location, developing status as a big emerging market and of course, the capacity to affect regional and international stability. From the US strategic perspective the following might therefore be considered pivotal: Central and South America - Mexico and Brazil, Africa - Algeria, Egypt and South Africa, Near and Far East - Turkey, India and Pakistan, Asia-Pacific - Indochina and Taiwan. While these states may be pivotal from the American perspective, Russian, Chinese, Japanese and European policy makers would no doubt draw up a different list of candidates for inclusion.

(Source: wikipedia)



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Sortir le Droit international du placard

Original Title in French: "Nous, peuples des Nations Unies", Sortir le Droit international du placard
By Authors Monique et Roland Weyl
Publisher CETIM @Centre Europe-Tiers Monde, 2008
ISBN: 978-2-88053-070-9
Proposed Translated Title: Reviving the International Public Law Spirit
By Anh Tho Andres @YourVietnamExpert.com

Backcover:
La Charte, à la base de la création de l'ONU en 1945, est un texte éminemment novateur, fondateur du Droit international contemporain.
Or, pratiquement aucune semaine ne se passe sans que les principes qui y ont été solennellement, et très sagement inscrits ne soient remis en cause dans la presse quotidienne. Le plus souvent sans doute par omission ou par ignorance et sous-évaluation du saut qualitatif que leur adoption a représenté dans l'histoire des relations internationales et du condensé d'expérience qu'elle recèle; probablement parfois plus subrepticement, en jouant sur l'émotion et une présentation biaisée d'événements, impudemment coupés de leur contexte.
Méconnus, souvent travestis et allégrement bafoués, ces principes sont pourtant vitaux pour la préservation de la paix et une condition indispensable à toute avancée dans la démocratisation des sociétés et des relations internationales.
Les auteurs appellent les citoyennes et citoyens à faire leurs les engagements proclamés par le Préambule de la Charte: "Nous, peuples des Nations Unies..."
Leur ouvrage, qui se veut didactique, est solidement argumenté. Il allie l'enthousiasme, pour l'élan donné à l'émancipation des peuples par la proclamation de la Charte et la création de l'ONU, à la sagesse d'un regard long sur l'histoire.

About the Author(s)
Juristes chevronnés, militants de longue date, Monique et Roland Weyl s'en alarment. Il est temps, il est urgent de "sortir le droit international du placard", clament-ils. Selon eux, l'Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) est fondamentalement l'instrument des peuples. Encore faut-il que ces derniers se battent pour se la ré-approprier. Le droit n'est pas uniquement affaire de juristes, pas plus que la politique celle de politiciens et les relations internationales celles des Etats.

Contents
Table des matières

Introduction: Y a-t-il crise ou combat?

Première partie: Etat du Droit international contemporain, bilan et problématique

Chapitre 1: L'acte novateur, révolutionnaire et fondateur du Droit international contemporain: La Charte des Nations Unies

A. Le "droit international" d'antan

• Même la SDN

B. Le caractère novateur et fondateur de la Charte

• La vraie naissance du Droit international
• La suprématie de la Charte
• Une légalité internationale
• Subordination des traités

C. Le caractère révolutionnaire de la Charte

1. La portée philosophique de son Préambule

• Les peuples maîtres
• Des peuples multiples et égaux
• Souverains pour quoi faire?

2. Les règles et principes qui en découlent

• Egalité, respect mutuel et solution négociée des différends
• Non-ingérence

3. L'Organisation pour assurer le respect et la mise en oeuvre des règles

• Une Assemblée générale universelle et égalitaire
• Un Conseil de sécurité en contradiction
• Les raisons d'un privilège
• Un prétendu droit de veto
• Un Conseil aux compétences cependant limitées

4. Une mise en cohérence des peuples et des Etats

• Peuple et Etat, un rapport à clarifier
• Le rapport peuple-Etat, une alternative et un enjeu essentiels
• Chapitre 2
• Après 60 ans, un bilan contrasté

A. Observation préalable: l'influence du contexte géopolitique

• L'intermède des blocs
• Tout demeure rapport de forces

B. Les aspects positifs du bilan

1. Dans le domaine de la paix et du désarmement

• L'illégalité de l'arme nucléaire
• Définition de l'agression

2. Dans le domaine des droits humains
3. Dans le domaine des droits des peuples et du droit au développement
4. Enfin, les activités "périphériques"

C. Le déficit et les dérivés

1. Dans le domaine de la paix et du désarmement

• Mise en échec et instrumentalisation du Conseil de sécurité 
• Un article 26 au placard
• Echec à l'illégalité de l'arme nucléaire

2. Dans le domaine des droits humains et du droit au développement

• Et le droit à l'environnement?

Deuxième Partie: Quelles perspectives?

Chapitre 1: Réformer l'ONU?

A. Un légitime besoin de réforme

• Une réforme impossible
• Un mot d'ordre contre-productif
• La fuite en avant "peuple contre Organisation"
• La recette illusoire d'une autre organisation
• La recette illusoire de la "démocratie directe"
• Un parlement mondial?
• Valeur et limites des ONG: le public et le privé
• Pavé: Des partenariats qui en disent long

B. Faire fonctionner à l'ONU le "Nous, peuples"

Chapitre 2: la dénaturation de l'ONU et ses multiples voies

A. Les diverses formes de la dénaturation

• Marginalisation et minorisation
• Confiscation et instrumentalisation
• Occultations et tentatives d'interprétation perverse

B. La déviance de l'Organisation elle-même

• Le concert des Cinq
• Le drapeau de la "gouvernance"

 

C. La dénaturation dans la conscience publique

1. Les médias

• "L'ONU" puissance anonyme et mythique
• Une ONU de super-préfets

2. Les clercs

• L'ONU "entre autres", L'ONU sans la Charte, La Charte sans le Préambule
• Des idées ancrées à repenser

Chapitre 3: Du grain à moudre

A. Dans le domaine de la paix

1. Les problèmes posés par l'actualité

2. Les impératifs permanents, dans la durée

• Le désarmement
• Appliquer l'article 26
• Eradication des ADM
• La solution négociée des différentds
• Pavé: Tibet

B. Dans le domaine des droits humains

C. Dans le domaine des droits des peuples

• Le droit à l'indépendane et à l'autodétermination
• Le droit au développement
• Pas de misérabilisme
• Toujours la question du pouvoir

Chapitre 4: Les objectifs étant définis, quels moyens?

A. Les textes de légitimation

1. Dans le domaine de la paix

• La richesse des références
• Tout ajout n'est pas progrès
• A utiliser avec discernement

2. Dans le domaine des droits humains et des peuples et du droit au développement

B. Les instruments institutionnels

1. Ce qui existe

2. Des possibilités d'amélioration

• Gare aux progrès à reculons
• Pavé: Génocide
• Une commission permanente de bons offices
• Délimiter le veto

C. Pas de pouvoir politique sans pouvoir économique

• Nécessité d'un nouvel ordre économique international démocratique
• Des institutions hors ONU et contraire à la Charte

Chapitre 5: Le Droit International entre les mains des peuples

A. Pour vitaliser les principes et utiliser les institutions, quelle action des peuples?

B. Comment faire connaitre aux peuples leur pouvoir?

• D'abord lutter contre la désinformation
• La dénaturation des textes
• Un gigantesque chantier d'information

Annexes:

• Charte des Nations Unies
• Etats fondateurs (1945)
• Définition de l'agression
• (Résolution 3314-XXIX du 14 décembre 1974)
• Déclaration sur l'interdiction de l'emploi des armes nucléaires et thermonucléaires
• (Résolution 1653-XVI du 24 novembre 196

English Translation by Anh Tho Andres@YourVietnamExpert.com
German Translation
Vietnamese Translation
Italian Translation

 

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THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF TREATIES

Original Title in English: THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF TREATIES

by Author © Walter Gehr 2001-2010

Sources: 

English version

French version

German version

Introduction:

Nowadays as in the past, treaties play a fundamental role in international relations. The present website aims at offering to an interested public an introduction to international treaty law, i.e. the law of the treaties concluded between States in written form and governed by public international law.

In proceeding by deduction, the author's intention is to present international treaty law by starting from its inherent principles as embodied in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969. This convention has entered into force on 27 January 1980 and has been ratified by more than 100 countries.

THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, considered by some as the "Bible of the Poor" of those who seek quick answers despite of the complexity of international relations, constitutes nevertheless a good starting point for the understanding of the sources of international law. According to this article, international law finds its origin in the following three sources:

      - international conventions of general or particular nature;

      - international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;

      - the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations.

Most international law experts would rush to add the "unilateral acts" to these three sources of law and to declare that Article 38 of the Statute has omitted to mention these unilateral acts for which the United Nations' International Law Commission (ILC) has elaborated Guiding Principles in 2006. Contrary to this opinion, other international lawyers would maintain that these unilateral acts constitute specific expressions of the will of States leading eventually to agreements which are then governed by the rules applicable to international conventions.

Finally, the idea of justice and equity originating in the philosophy of natural law is not to be discarded as a source of international law, since it is the opinion of the International Court of Justice itself that whatever the legal argumentation of the judge, his or her decisions have to be just and in that sense must correspond to justice and equity. Moreover, the judges of the International Court of Justice are expressly authorized to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto, i.e. to found their judgements on arguments of equity (Article 38 (2) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice).

International treaty law as codified by Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 is open for considerations of justice too (Preambular para. 4 and 5 and Article 44 (3)). Moreover, the concept of "jus cogens" seems also to be an angle of incidence for natural law ideas.

Since, on the basis of their sovereignty and therefore independence, the equality of all States constitutes the theoretical foundation of international relations and although public international law, by definition, does not belong to civil law, international legal debates are often reminiscent of the discussions known in the latter area, in particular in the context of the law of contracts.

However, the analogy with the law of contract ends where measures are taken on the basis of Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. Although they are foreseen in an international treaty - in particular by Article 25 of the Charter - these measures deserve to be highlighted because of the legal obligations they impose to the whole world, their political significance and the remarkable development they have undergone since the Gulf War of 1991. The measures taken by the Security Council and which are expressly based on Chapter VII of the Charter encompass not only military as well as economic sanctions against

      - certain States (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Iraq, Yougoslavia, Sierra

        Leone etc.)

      - or insurgents (Angola's UNITA, see resolution

        1173/1998 of 12 June 1998) or even political parties in

        government (the Afghan faction of the Taliban, see res.

        1267/1999 of 15 October 1999),

     

but also

      - the creation of special tribunal to prosecute war crimes or

        crimes against humanity in the territory of the former

        Yougoslavia (res. 827/1993 of 25 May 1993) and in Ruanda

        (res. 955/1994 of 8 November 1994)

      - or of special administrative zones like in East Timor (see

        res. 1272/1999 of 25 October 1999) or in Kosovo (see

        res.1244/1999 of 10 June 1999)

        as well as

      - measures against terrorism in general (res. 1373/2001

        of 28 September 2001).  

These sources of international law are supplemented by two subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law (Article 38 (1)(d) of the Statute), i.e. by

      - judicial decisions (although even the decisions of the

        International Court of Justice have binding force only between the

        parties and in respect of the particular cases submitted to the

        Court - Article 59 of the Statute) and

      - the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the

        various nations.

This website, for its part, is devoted to the international law of treaties as codified in the Vienna Convention. The principles of this convention as well as their application constitute its main subject-matter.

Vietnamese translation by 

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Droit International Public

Original Title in French Droit International Public (5e édition)
By Authors  Nguyen Quoc Dinh , Patrick Daillier & Alain Pellet
Publisher LGDJ, 1994, ISBN 2275004025, 1317 pages
Proposed  English Title : International Public Law
About the Book
Le droit international a évolué rapidement ces dernières années sous l'influence de nouveaux rapports géopolitiques. Des problèmes "classiques" connaissent une nouvelle actualité; les rapports entre le droit communautaire et le droit international sont de plus en plus denses; certaines controverses idéologiques son affaiblies.
About the Author(s)
Professeur Nguyen Quoc Dinh fut l'initiateur de ce projet. Après son décès, les auteurs ont continué son oeuvre pour "éviter que meure le grain qu'il a semé".
Patrick Daillier est professeur à l'Université de Paris X-Nanterre;
Alain Pellet est professeur à l'Université de Paris X-Nanterre et à l'I.E.P. de Paris, et membre de la Commission du Droit international des Nations Unies.
Contents
Plan général de l'ouvrage
Introduction générale
Définition du Droit international
Chapitre I. Histoire du droit international
Chapitre II. Théorie du droit international
Première partie
Formation du Droit international
Titre I. Formation conventionnelle
Chapitre I. Conclusion des traités
Chapitre II. Validité des traités
Chapitre III. Application des traités
Chapitre IV. Fin des normes conventionnelles
Titre II. Formation non conventionnelle
Chapitre I. Modes de formation spontanés
Chapitre II. Modes de formation volontaires
Chapitre III. Moyens de détermination des règles de droit
Deuxième partie
Titre I. L'Etat
Chapitre I. Définition de l'Etat selon le droit international
Chapitre II. Compétences de l'Etat
Chapitre III. Formation et transformation de l'Etat
Titre II. Les organisations internationales et les autres sujets de droit international
Chapitre I. Les organisation internationales (théorie générale)
Chapitre II. Les personnes privées
Troisième partie
Les Rapports internationaux
Titre I. Cadre juridique des relations internationales
Sous-titre I. Mécanismes généraux des relations internationales
Chapitre I. Relations diplomatiques et consulaires
Chapitre II. Responsabilité internationale
Sous-titre II. Règlement pacifique des différends internationaux
Chapitre I. Règlement non juridictionnel
Chapitre II. Règlement juridictionnel
Sous-titre III. Recours à la contrainte dans les relations internationales
Chapitre I. Limitation du recours à la contrainte dans  les rapports internationaux
Chapitre II. Maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales
Titre II. Droit des Relations économiques internationales
Chapitre I. Caractères généraux du droit international de l'économie
Chapitre II. Relations monétaires et financières
Chapitre III. Circulation internationale des biens et des services
Titre III. Régime international des espaces
Chapitre I. La mer
Chapitre II. Canaux et fleuves internationaux
Chapitre III. Air et espace extra-atmosphérique


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Code maritime - Droit international et droits européens

Original Title in French by Author Olivier Cachard

Publisher: Larcier, Droit international et droits européens (2006)

ISBN: 9782804418250 

Proposed English Title: Navigation Law, International Law and European Laws

About the book:

L'éclatement des textes de droit maritime rendait nécessaire la publication de cet ouvrage qui présente de façon ordonnée les différentes sources conventionnelles, légales et réglementaires en la matière.
Ce Code maritime a pour ambition de faciliter l'accès au droit maritime. Sous chaque rubrique, le lecteur trouvera les conventions internationales, règlements et directives, sans oublier les articles pertinents des législations nationales francophones (droits belges, français, luxembourgeois et suisse). 

Ces dispositions législatives encadrent les principales activités de la marine marchande. Elles sont accompagnées de références bibliographiques qui permettront au lecteur de retrouver aisément les analyses doctrinales sur les questions qui l'intéressent.
Les professionnels, praticiens et enseignants, trouveront ici l'outil qui leur faisait jusqu'alors défaut.

About the Author:

Olivier Cachard est le Doyen de la Faculté de droit de Nancy.
Professeur agrégé de Droit privé, il y dirige le Master de Droit du commerce international dans lequel il enseigne le droit des transports et le droit de l'arbitrage. Il a enseigné le droit maritime à l'Université Paris II Panthéon-Assas. Il est membre de l'Association française de droit maritime, de l'Association suisse d'arbitrage et du Comité français de l'arbitrage.  

Other publications from this author: Droit du Commerce International, view under this link

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