IR - One Definition A Day:
MFN - Most Favoured Nation
This fundamental principle of international trade seeks to establish and advance the principle of equality of treatement and non-discrimination among trading states. The principle may be illustrated by taking a bilateral situation thus: under mfn principles, the parties will extend to each other the same advantages that they have extended to other third parties in the past, or are extending to others concurrently, or intend to extend in the future. Most favoured nation (mfn) principles are typically applied to tariffs and if these principles are applied consistently, they should lead to mutual and balanced tariff reductions.
It is generally agreed that the MFN principle began to be applied to international trade in the eighteenth century, reaching its peak in the last decades of the nineteenth. The First World War and the events thereafter led to the weakening of its application but with the formation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 a concerted attempt was made to resuscitate these ideas by writing them into the first article of GATT. At the same time GATT allows important exceptions to the mfn principle. Crucially trade blocs, free trade areas and common markets are all except. The emergence of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Developement (UNCTAD) in the 1960s further weakened the mfn principle because the Third World called for a system of positive discrimination in their favour to replace it. This call has been recognized system of preferences between advanced industrial countries (AICS) and the Third World.
The mfn principle remains a testament to those who believed in a liberal, equal, non-discriminator international trading system.
Read more on multilateralism, reciprocity
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Showing posts with label droit du commerce international. Show all posts
Showing posts with label droit du commerce international. Show all posts
Apr 1, 2015
IR - One Definition A Day : BEMs (Big Emerging Markets)
IR - One Definition A Day: BEMs or Big Emerging Markets (p. 50, Ref. 1)
These are ten states identifed by the US Department of Commerce in 1994 as potential growth points within the international Economy.The ten are: China, Indonesia, India, South Korea, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Poland and Turkey.
The stipulation of these BEMs has a number of repercussions at both the international system and the foreign policy levels. It further weakens the value of such catch-all terms as 'South' and 'Third World'. Like the term NIC and the colloquial 'Asian Tigers', it shows that a group of states previously thought of as being in the Third World (or even the Second World in the case of Poland) have now been promoted into some higher division.
It also reinforces the pervasive influence of economic liberalism as arguably a dominant paradigm in international relations since these states are without question following market orientated paths to development. At the foreign policy level it shows how with the end of the Cold War, the USA is no longer pursuing its foreign policy interests in a bipolar framework.
(Source: Penguin Dictionary of IR)
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IR - One Definition A Day: NIC (Newly Industrialized/Industrializing Country)
IR - One Definition A Day: NIC - Newly Industrialized/Industrializing Country (p. 372, réf 1)
NIC is an acronym for Newly Industrialized / Industrializing Country (both terms are found in the literature).
There is some debate and discrepancy about the membership of this grouping but four unequivocal NICs can be identified in the region of East Asia: South Korea, Taiwan, Hongkong and Singapore. Other putative NICs in other regions of the system are referred to below. In passing it should also be noted that of the above four, Hongkong is sui generis. Its status was that of a dependent territory, not a state: it has now been repatriated to China. Nor does its undoubted economic prosperity make it typical of the NICs. Unlike the other three, Hongkong has developed as a key financial and business centre, playing an entrepôt role vis-à-vis China and East Asia in general.
There is some debate and discrepancy about the membership of this grouping but four unequivocal NICs can be identified in the region of East Asia: South Korea, Taiwan, Hongkong and Singapore. Other putative NICs in other regions of the system are referred to below. In passing it should also be noted that of the above four, Hongkong is sui generis. Its status was that of a dependent territory, not a state: it has now been repatriated to China. Nor does its undoubted economic prosperity make it typical of the NICs. Unlike the other three, Hongkong has developed as a key financial and business centre, playing an entrepôt role vis-à-vis China and East Asia in general.
Notwithstanding the Hongkong case, the NICs have been able to expand their manufacturing sectors because they have enjoyed advantegeous comparative costs vis-à-vis the market leaders, the advanced industrial countries (AICs). They have a high level of entrepreneurial skill amonst their populations, an open economy regarding foreign invesetment and stable, if undemocratic, potlitical regimes.
The emergence of the NICs exemplifies a real shift in productive resources from the North to selected sites in the South. Typical examples of manufacturing growth can be cited in such fields as: cars and trucks, consumer electrical goods, shipbuilding, steels and textiles. Among Third World states the NICs stand out for their achievement of self-sustained, export-led economic growth. They have, moreover, avoided the kinds of debt problems associated with the recent economic performance of the putative NICs of Latin America.
The evident success of these NICs has had two effects upon the relations in the field of political economy. First, their success has weakened the concept of Third World solidarity. Ideologically the NICs have achieved their impressive economic performance by applying the principles of economic liberalism and by following the example of Japan. They have been willing to see multinational companies (MNCs) investment in their economies and have often facilitated such capital flows by offering a permissive taxation regime to corporations. Their political systems, if stable, have poor human rights records and limited and restricted opportunities for participation.
The second consequence of NIC success has been that it has provoked a backlash amongst the AICs. One form this has taken has been for increases in protectionism on the grounds that 'cheap' imports are flooding into home markets from these areas. A second response, particularly favoured in the United States, is to argue that the NICs have 'graduated' into the first division and that henceforth they should cease to regard themselves, or be regarded by others as Third World states requireing special consideration. Institutionally their appropirate destination would seem to be the Organisation for Econocomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) according to this perception.
The emergence of the NICs exemplifies a real shift in productive resources from the North to selected sites in the South. Typical examples of manufacturing growth can be cited in such fields as: cars and trucks, consumer electrical goods, shipbuilding, steels and textiles. Among Third World states the NICs stand out for their achievement of self-sustained, export-led economic growth. They have, moreover, avoided the kinds of debt problems associated with the recent economic performance of the putative NICs of Latin America.
The evident success of these NICs has had two effects upon the relations in the field of political economy. First, their success has weakened the concept of Third World solidarity. Ideologically the NICs have achieved their impressive economic performance by applying the principles of economic liberalism and by following the example of Japan. They have been willing to see multinational companies (MNCs) investment in their economies and have often facilitated such capital flows by offering a permissive taxation regime to corporations. Their political systems, if stable, have poor human rights records and limited and restricted opportunities for participation.
The second consequence of NIC success has been that it has provoked a backlash amongst the AICs. One form this has taken has been for increases in protectionism on the grounds that 'cheap' imports are flooding into home markets from these areas. A second response, particularly favoured in the United States, is to argue that the NICs have 'graduated' into the first division and that henceforth they should cease to regard themselves, or be regarded by others as Third World states requireing special consideration. Institutionally their appropirate destination would seem to be the Organisation for Econocomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) according to this perception.
Four unequivocal NICs were identifed earlier. Overlapping membership with the colloquial Asian Tigers is evident.
Putative membership for the next decade and the new century must include many - if not all- of the recently identified big emerging markets (BEMs).
Putative membership for the next decade and the new century must include many - if not all- of the recently identified big emerging markets (BEMs).
(Source: Dict Penguin IR)
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Apr 2, 2014
IR - One Definition A Day: World Bank Group
IR - One Definition A Day: World Bank Group (p. 574 Ref. 1)
This collectivity consists of three intergovernmental organizations (IGOs): the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA) and the International Finance Corporation. The first named, the IBRD, is popularly known as the World Bank. As the title implies the twin purposes of setting up the World Bank, as part of the Bretton Woods system of international economic institutions, was to facilitate the rebuilding of those essentially developed economies which had been shattered by war and to assist in the more basic task of economic development of the less developed countries (LDCs).
The Bank is the twin organisation of the IMF and indeed membership of the Bank is restricted to states which are also members of the Fund. Like the Fund, the Bank has a system of weighted voting which gives power to effect outcomes to those states which make the greatest contributions. These contributions are, in fact, expressed as subscriptions to the Bank and these member state subscriptions are one of the main sources of Bank funds. In addition the Bank goes into the private capital markets to raise funds and these borrowings now constitute the largest source of Bank liquidity. Being heavily infused with commercial banking principles it comes as no surprise that the Bank's lending policy follows fairly strict commercial criteria.
The need for an institution that would provide 'soft' loans led to the establishment of the IDA in 1960. Like the Bank the IDA makes loans rather than grants and, again as with the IBRD, the would-be recipients are vetted beforehand. Loans are made to recipients to encourage the development of their infrastructure. Unlike the Bank, the IDA is totally dependent upon member states' contributions for its source of funds.
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) was established in 1956 to encourage the growth of private enterprise and entrepreuniral skills in the LDCs. It limits its participation in projects to a minority share-holding and has particularly concentrated on secondary or manufacturing sectors.
The conservative orthodoxy of the Bank and the extent of the depressed situation in the world economy (outside of North America) after 1947 meant that the Bank was something of a bystander. The US took steps through measures like the Marshall Plan, through its defence spending and through other aid measures to pump-prime the economies of the AICs by running dollar deficits. As the Cold War became the clear and present danger for American leaders from Truman onwards so the foreign assistance programme was seen as too crucial to military security interests to be left to multilateralism as represented by the Bank.
The collapse of the Bretton Woods system and the oil shocks of the 1970s did nothing to reduce the marginalization of the Bank in the context of aid flows. The Bank did play some role in the receycling of petrodollars through the Western system after the oil shocks. It was rather two developments in the 1980s which served to resuscitate the fortunes of the Bank. The demise of collectivist economic strategies in favour of privatization and free-market reforms meant that the principles of economic liberalism which is the dominant ideology of the Bank now found a more receptive environment - both intellectually and politically. Second, the debt crisis and the various proposals mooted to deal with it such as the Baker and Braddy Plans have brought the Bank in from the cold as a key player in administering their implementation.
(Source: Réf Penguin Dictionary of IR)
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Jul 11, 2011
Droit du commerce international - Droit des contrats - Bibliographie (French)
Droit des contrats
- Binder, Peter M. (2000). International Commercial Arbitration in UNCITRAL Model Law Juridictions. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 358 pages. ISBN 0421739401.
- Blanc, Frédéric et al. (2002). Contrats internationaux. Paris, Centre français du commerce extérieur, 537 pages. ISBN 2279640163.
- Blanco, Dominique (2002). Négocier et rédiger un contrat international (3e édition). Paris, Dunod, 256 pages. ISBN 2100059866.
- Bonell, Michael Joachim (1994). An International Restatement of Contract Law: the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. Irvington, NY, Transnational Juris Publications, 394 pages. ISBN 1564250423.
- Chatillon, Stéphane (2002). Droit des affaires internationales. Paris, Vuibert, 374 pages. ISBN 2711778754.
- Crépeau, Paul-André (1998). Les principes d’UNIDROIT et le Code civil du Québec : valeurs partagées ? Scarborough, Ont., 200 pages. ISBN 0459233580.
- Delacollette, Jean (1996). Les contrats de commerce internationaux. Bruwelles, De Boeck université, 233 pages. ISBN 2804123006.
- Gautrais, Vincent (2002). Le contrat électronique international : encadrement juridique (2e édition). Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia Bruylant, 247 pages, ISBN 2802713418.
- Gounon, Pierre-Alain (2001). Droit du commerce international (3e édition). Paris, LGDJ, 216 pages. ISBN 2275020535.
- Jacquet, Jean-Michel (1999). Le contrat international (2e édition). Paris, Dalloz, 136 pages. ISBN 2247034659.
- Lamontagne, Denys-Claude (2001). Les contrats relatifs à l’entreprise. Cowansville (Québec), Éditions Yvon Blais. ISBN 2894515495.
- Mousseron, Jean-Marc (2000). Droit du commerce international : droit international de l’entreprise (2e édition). Paris, Litec, 446 pages. ISBN 2711130975.
- Newman, Lawrence W. (1996). Litigating International Commercial Disputes. St-Paul (Min.), West Pub Co., 429 pages. ISBN 0314093672.
- Osman, Filali (1992). Les principes généraux de la Lex Mercatoria: contribution à l’étude d’un ordre juridique anational. Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 515 pages. ISBN 2275005668.
- Ramberg, Jan (2000). International Commercial Transactions (2e edition). Paris, ICC, 516 pages. ISBN 9284212892.
- Rose, F.D. (2000). Lex Mercatoria: Essays on International Commercial Law in Honour of Francis Reynolds. London, L.L.P., 399 pages. ISBN 1859785433.
- Sandstrom, Mark R., Goldweig, David N. (eds) (2003). Negotiating and Structuring International Commercial Transactions. Chicago (Il.) American Bar Association, 652 pages. ISBN 1590310950.
- Witz, Claude (1995). Les premières applications jurisprudentielles du droit uniforme de la vente internationale. Paris, L.G.D.J., 175 pages. ISBN 2275003290.
- Ziegel, J. (1999). « Canada first decision on the International Sales Convention ». Canadian Business Law Journal, Toronto, Canada Law Book, 32(2), 313-325.
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Jul 5, 2011
IR - One Definition A Day: Free Trade Area
IR - One Definition A Day, Free Trade Area (p. 184, Ref. 1)
A form of economic uniton between states. In a free trade area the constituent members agree to abolish tariffs and other restrictions on stipulated goods between themselves. However, vis-à-vis the rest of the system they continue to maintain the structure of their existing tariffs. A free trade area is therefore a less integrated system than a customs untion because there is no common external tariff.
Although a free trade area is less integrated it may prove to be just as complicated to implement because rules and procedures have to be agreed to prevent goods entering the area from outside via those member states with the lowest range of tariffs. Without the claer rules about origin, the states with the lowest tariffs will benefit most from a free trade area, because trade and production will be deflected in their favour. Logic would suggest that a free trade area works best where the members have a similar pattern of external tariffs, or where they agree to substantial hamrmonisation of tariffs to reduce differentials. For this reason a free trade area is often seen as the preliminary stage in the formulation of a full customs union.
During the 1950s considerable discussion took place among Western European state members of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) about the desirability of forming a free trade area. Agreement was not possible, however, and instead the membership became divided between those states wishing to proceed much further with integration in order to form a customs union and the remainder, led by the UK, wanting to stay with the free trade area idea.
The formation of the European Community (EC) constituent insitution, the European Economic Community (EEC) under the Treaty of Rome in 1957, seemed to settle the issue. In retaliation the British formed the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) under the Stockholm Treaty in 1959. EFTA was a bargaining chip designed to force the EC to expand its membership and to lower the common external tariff. The EC refused to negotiate with EFTA en bloc and in 1961 the British defected to begin access negotiations with the Community.
Free trade areas, as forms of economic integration, were covered by General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Although it might seem that some aspects of the free trade area idea contradict the GATT principle of non-discrimination, exceptions were made in the Agreement for these types of groupings. Currently the Asia-Pacific region is following the lead set by Europe in mid-century. Various forms of economic cooperation are under exploration and more specifically the establishment of NAFTA exemplifies this trend.
(Source: Penguin Dictionary of IR)
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A form of economic uniton between states. In a free trade area the constituent members agree to abolish tariffs and other restrictions on stipulated goods between themselves. However, vis-à-vis the rest of the system they continue to maintain the structure of their existing tariffs. A free trade area is therefore a less integrated system than a customs untion because there is no common external tariff.
Although a free trade area is less integrated it may prove to be just as complicated to implement because rules and procedures have to be agreed to prevent goods entering the area from outside via those member states with the lowest range of tariffs. Without the claer rules about origin, the states with the lowest tariffs will benefit most from a free trade area, because trade and production will be deflected in their favour. Logic would suggest that a free trade area works best where the members have a similar pattern of external tariffs, or where they agree to substantial hamrmonisation of tariffs to reduce differentials. For this reason a free trade area is often seen as the preliminary stage in the formulation of a full customs union.
During the 1950s considerable discussion took place among Western European state members of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) about the desirability of forming a free trade area. Agreement was not possible, however, and instead the membership became divided between those states wishing to proceed much further with integration in order to form a customs union and the remainder, led by the UK, wanting to stay with the free trade area idea.
The formation of the European Community (EC) constituent insitution, the European Economic Community (EEC) under the Treaty of Rome in 1957, seemed to settle the issue. In retaliation the British formed the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) under the Stockholm Treaty in 1959. EFTA was a bargaining chip designed to force the EC to expand its membership and to lower the common external tariff. The EC refused to negotiate with EFTA en bloc and in 1961 the British defected to begin access negotiations with the Community.
Free trade areas, as forms of economic integration, were covered by General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Although it might seem that some aspects of the free trade area idea contradict the GATT principle of non-discrimination, exceptions were made in the Agreement for these types of groupings. Currently the Asia-Pacific region is following the lead set by Europe in mid-century. Various forms of economic cooperation are under exploration and more specifically the establishment of NAFTA exemplifies this trend.
(Source: Penguin Dictionary of IR)
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Jun 4, 2011
Exporter, Pratique du Commerce International plus Incoterms 2000
Original Title in French, 16th Edition, in collaboration with the CFCE (Centre Français du Commerce Extérieur)
Publisher: Foucher, 2001, ISBN: 9782216086368, 694 pages
About the Book:
Exporter est aujourd'hui l'ouvrage de référence du commerce international. Le lecteur y trouvera les outils lui permettant de gérer les opérations de commerce international mais également les concepts à connaître pour maîtriser le développement de l'entreprise sur les marchés extérieurs. Exporter présente les éléments clés de la définition d'une stratégie internationale, de l'élaboration de l'offre commerciale et de la maîtrise de la logistique internationale. Il intègre aussi les opérations d'importation.
Exporter adopte une structure originale avec 15 modules abondamment documentés regroupés en 4 parties :
Exporter adopte une structure originale avec 15 modules abondamment documentés regroupés en 4 parties :
- contexte de la transaction internationale présente l'environnement du commerce international;
- développement international donne des clés pour définir une stratégie de l'international ;
- mercatique internationale décrit tout le champ de l'adaptation aux besoins à l'international;
- management des opérations internationales explicite la logique des opérations dans leur continuité;
Exporter propose également de nombreux exemples, des conseils, des éléments spécifiques aux relations intracommunautaires et des références bibliographiques. Exporter s'adresse aux étudiants en commerce international de l'enseignement supérieur et aux opérateurs du commerce international.
Review:
Ce livre s'adresse aussi bien aux enseignants qu'aux élèves. Les fiches techniques données en fin de livre permettent de bien comprendre le déroulement des affaires en commerce extérieur.
A réserver aux personnes qui s'intéressent vraiment à ce sujet et qui envisagent de passer un examen de CCI.
A réserver aux personnes qui s'intéressent vraiment à ce sujet et qui envisagent de passer un examen de CCI.
Contents:
- La spécificité des opérations de commerce international
- Le macro-environnement
- Les stratégies de développement
- La structure export
- L'étude de distribution et réseaux de vente
- L'offre internationale
- La prospection
- Communiquer en commerce international
- Le cadre juridique des opérations
- Logistique internationale
- Le paiement des opérations internationales
- Le financement des opérations et la gestion du risque de change
- La gestion commerciale des opérations internationales
- Les opérations hors commerce courant
About the Authors:
André Barelier: Agrégé de l'Université, Formateur en commerce international;
Jacques Duboin: Professeur à l'Ecole nationale de commerce (ENC), Conseiller en commerce international;
François Duphil: Agrégé d'économie et gestion, Professeur de commerce international;
Nicole Gevaudan-Contal: Université de Haute-Alsace, IUT de Mulhouse, Professeur au département Gestion logistique et Transport;
Louis Grataloup: Agrégé d'économie et de gestion, Fondateur en commerce international;
Gérard Kuhn: Agrégé d'économie et gestion, Université de Créteil Paris XII, Formateur à l'Ecole normale supérieure de Cachan;
Claude Lévy: Université de Haute-Alsace, Faculté de Sciences économiques et sociales, Directeur des études, maîtrise affaires internationales;
Jacques Paveau: Directeur de l'ISCID, Chargé de cours à l'EDHEC;
Jean-Marc Paveau: Agrégé de l'Université, Formateur conseil en commerce international.
Other publications on same subject: Import Export, Pratique du Commerce International by Salah A. Jmor, Loisirs et Pédagogie (LEP), Lausanne, 1998 (for Switzerland)
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Droit du Commerce International
Original Title in French by Author Olivier Cachard
Publisher: L.G.D.J (Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, E.J.A
ISBN: 978-2-275-03105-7
Proposed English Translation: International Trade Law
About the Author:
Olivier CACHARD, agrégé de droit privé et sciences criminelles, est Doyen de la Faculté de droit, sciences économiques et gestion de Nancy. Il y dirige la mention de Master droit de l'entrerprise et, en particulier, la spécialité droit du commerce international. Il est membre du BETA-REGLES (UMR no. 7522), de l'Association suisse d'arbitrage, de l'Association française de droit maritime, du Comité français de l'arbitrage et du Comité français de droit international privé.
Backcover:
Avec l'accélération de la mondialisation de l'économie, le droit du commerce international est désormais une branche essentielle du droit de l'entreprise et des affaires. Les juristes (avocats-conseils, juristes d'entreprise et magistrats) comme les négociateurs doivent en maîtriser les méthodes et la logique car les échanges internationaux concernent aussi bien les PME que les grands groupes.
En adoptant tour à tour le point de vue de l'opérateur du commerce international et celui du régulateur, cet ouvrage privilégie une présentation méthodique et claire de cette matière complexe. il est donc accessible aux étudiants des Facultés de droit, mais aussi à ceux des Ecoles de commerce et des IEP. Par ses notes de bas de page et sa mise à jour des principales sources du droit, il constitue un outil précieux pour les praticiens.
Le point de vue adopté est résolument européen car une place significative est faite aux sources de droit communautaire et aux sources du droit suisse. Mais le cadre universel est également évoqué, avec le droit de l'OMC et les conventions internationales.
Après avoir étudié les grandes libertés économiques au titre de l'accès des opérateurs aux marchés, l'ouvrage propose une présentation détaillée de l'activité des opérateurs sur les marchés, en insistant notamment sur les contrats internationaux et sur les risques du commerce international. Enfin, une approche des modes de règlement des litiges du commerce international est proposée.
Contents
L'ACCES DES OPERATEURS DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL AUX MARCHES
- Le mouvement des capitaux : l'investissement international
- Le mouvement des entreprises : l'établissement
- Le mouvement des marchandises et des services
- Les contrats internationaux : instruments des activités du commerce international
- La diversité des activités du commerce international
- La sécurité des activités du commerce international
- Le règlement extrajudiciaire des litiges du commerce international
- Le règlement des litiges du commerce international impliquant l'Etat
Other publications by Author: Code maritime - Droit international et droits européens, View under link
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