IR - One Definition A Day: First World

IR - One Definition A Day: First World

As the word 'First' implies this categorisation refers to those states that were historically in the vanquard of the modernisation process following the Industrial Revolution that commenced in eighteenth-century Britain. 

As a collective expression the terms 'First World' and 'Advanced Industrial Countries' (AIC) are coterminous. The occurence of the Cold War in mid-twentieth-century international relations led to the term taking on a more relativist connotation. It became a requirement of popular analysis to contrast the First World with the Second (meaning the communist states) and eventually the 'Third World'. The end of the Cold War, the collapse of communism and the weakening of the viability of the concept of Third Worldism has had a feedback effect upon the idea of the First World.

Historically the term probably retains relevance as a means of identifying a group of states that espoused capitalism and economic liberalism. In the account of this development change occured as a result of internal processes rather than external pressures. Economic growth led to the developoment of a bourgeoisie and to demands for political participation to be broadened to accomodate these new classes. 

Scientific innovation and technoligical change are important features of these societies and again they tend to be in the vanquard of most of these changes. The multinational corporation (MNC) is the unique non-governmental creation of the First World's value system and it has been the vehicle or transmission belt for distributing these values to the rest of the system. There is growing evidence that the template of First Worldism is being reassessed from within as so-called 'a quality of life' considerations are producing a possible paradigm shift towards more sustainable development. 


(Source: wikipedia)

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IR - One Definition A Day : BEMs (Big Emerging Markets)

IR - One Definition A Day:  BEMs or Big Emerging Markets (p. 50, Ref. 1)

These are ten states identifed by the US Department of Commerce in 1994 as potential growth points within the international Economy.

The ten are: China, Indonesia, India, South Korea, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Poland and Turkey.

The stipulation of these BEMs has a number of repercussions at both the international system and the foreign policy levels. It further weakens the value of such catch-all terms as 'South' and 'Third World'. Like the term NIC and the colloquial 'Asian Tigers', it shows that a group of states previously thought of as being in the Third World (or even the Second World in the case of Poland) have now been promoted into some higher division. 

It also reinforces the pervasive influence of economic liberalism as arguably a dominant paradigm in international relations since these states are without question following market orientated paths to development. At the foreign policy level it shows how with the end of the Cold War, the USA is no longer pursuing its foreign policy interests in a bipolar framework.

(Source: Penguin Dictionary of IR)

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IR - One Definition A Day: NIC (Newly Industrialized/Industrializing Country)

 IR - One Definition A Day: NIC - Newly Industrialized/Industrializing Country (p. 372, réf 1)

NIC is an acronym for Newly Industrialized / Industrializing Country (both terms are found in the literature). 

There is some debate and discrepancy about the membership of this grouping but four unequivocal NICs can be identified in the region of East Asia: South Korea, Taiwan, Hongkong and Singapore. Other putative NICs in other regions of the system are referred to below. In passing it should also be noted that of the above four, Hongkong is sui generis. Its status was that of a dependent territory, not a state: it has now been repatriated to China. Nor does its undoubted economic prosperity make it typical of the NICs. Unlike the other three, Hongkong has developed as a key financial and business centre, playing an entrepôt role vis-à-vis China and East Asia in general.

Notwithstanding the Hongkong case, the NICs have been able to expand their manufacturing sectors because they have enjoyed advantegeous comparative costs vis-à-vis the market leaders, the advanced industrial countries (AICs). They have a high level of entrepreneurial skill amonst their populations, an open economy regarding foreign invesetment and stable, if undemocratic, potlitical regimes. 

The emergence of the NICs exemplifies a real shift in productive resources from the North to selected sites in the South. Typical examples of manufacturing growth can be cited in such fields as: cars and trucks, consumer electrical goods, shipbuilding, steels and textiles. Among Third World states the NICs stand out for their achievement of self-sustained, export-led economic growth. They have, moreover, avoided the kinds of debt problems associated with the recent economic performance of the putative NICs of Latin America. 

The evident success of these NICs has had two effects upon the relations in the field of political economy. First, their success has weakened the concept of Third World solidarity. Ideologically the NICs have achieved their impressive economic performance by applying the principles of economic liberalism and by following the example of Japan. They have been willing to see multinational companies (MNCs) investment in their economies and have often facilitated such capital flows by offering a permissive taxation regime to corporations. Their political systems, if stable, have poor human rights records and limited and restricted opportunities for participation. 

The second consequence of NIC success has been that it has provoked a backlash amongst the AICs. One form this has taken has been for increases in protectionism on the grounds that 'cheap' imports are flooding into home markets from these areas. A second response, particularly favoured in the United States, is to argue that the NICs have 'graduated' into the first division and that henceforth they should cease to regard themselves, or be regarded by others as Third World states requireing special consideration. Institutionally their appropirate destination would seem to be the Organisation for Econocomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) according to this perception.

Four unequivocal NICs were identifed earlier. Overlapping membership with the colloquial Asian Tigers is evident. 

Putative membership for the next decade and the new century must include many - if not all- of the recently identified big emerging markets (BEMs).

(Source: Dict Penguin IR)

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Exporter, Pratique du Commerce International plus Incoterms 2000

Original Title in French, 16th Edition, in collaboration with the CFCE (Centre Français du Commerce Extérieur)

Publisher: Foucher, 2001,  ISBN: 9782216086368, 694 pages

 About the Book: 

Exporter est aujourd'hui l'ouvrage de référence du commerce international. Le lecteur y trouvera les outils lui permettant de gérer les opérations de commerce international mais également les concepts à connaître pour maîtriser le développement de l'entreprise sur les marchés extérieurs. Exporter présente les éléments clés de la définition d'une stratégie internationale, de l'élaboration de l'offre commerciale et de la maîtrise de la logistique internationale. Il intègre aussi les opérations d'importation.
Exporter adopte une structure originale avec 15 modules abondamment documentés regroupés en 4 parties :

• contexte de la transaction internationale présente l'environnement du commerce international;
• développement international donne des clés pour définir une stratégie de l'international ;
• mercatique internationale décrit tout le champ de l'adaptation aux besoins à l'international;
• management des opérations internationales explicite la logique des opérations dans leur continuité;

et 75 fiches techniques, regroupées en fin d'ouvrage, développent technique ou un aspect particulier.

Exporter propose également de nombreux exemples, des conseils, des éléments spécifiques aux relations intracommunautaires et des références bibliographiques. Exporter s'adresse aux étudiants en commerce international de l'enseignement supérieur et aux opérateurs du commerce international. 

Review: 

Ce livre s'adresse aussi bien aux enseignants qu'aux élèves. Les fiches techniques données en fin de livre permettent de bien comprendre le déroulement des affaires en commerce extérieur.
A réserver aux personnes qui s'intéressent vraiment à ce sujet et qui envisagent de passer un examen de CCI.

Contents:

• La spécificité des opérations de commerce international
• Le macro-environnement
• Les stratégies de développement
• La structure export
• L'étude de distribution et réseaux de vente
• L'offre internationale
• La prospection
• Communiquer en commerce international
• Le cadre juridique des opérations
• Logistique internationale
• Le paiement des opérations internationales
• Le financement des opérations et la gestion du risque de change
• La gestion commerciale des opérations internationales
• Les opérations hors commerce courant

About the Authors:

André Barelier: Agrégé de l'Université, Formateur en commerce international;

Jacques Duboin: Professeur à l'Ecole nationale de commerce (ENC), Conseiller en commerce international;

François Duphil: Agrégé d'économie et gestion, Professeur de commerce international;

Nicole Gevaudan-Contal: Université de Haute-Alsace, IUT de Mulhouse, Professeur au département Gestion logistique et Transport;

Louis Grataloup: Agrégé d'économie et de gestion, Fondateur en commerce international;

Gérard Kuhn: Agrégé d'économie et gestion, Université de Créteil Paris XII, Formateur à l'Ecole normale supérieure de Cachan;

Claude Lévy: Université de Haute-Alsace, Faculté de Sciences économiques et sociales, Directeur des études, maîtrise affaires internationales;

Jacques Paveau: Directeur de l'ISCID, Chargé de cours à l'EDHEC;

Jean-Marc Paveau: Agrégé de l'Université, Formateur conseil en commerce international.

Other publications on same subject: Import Export, Pratique du Commerce International by Salah A. Jmor, Loisirs et Pédagogie (LEP), Lausanne, 1998 (for Switzerland)

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Droit du Commerce International

Original Title in French by Author Olivier Cachard

Publisher: L.G.D.J (Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, E.J.A

ISBN: 978-2-275-03105-7

Proposed English Translation: International Trade Law 

About the Author:

Olivier CACHARD, agrégé de droit privé et sciences criminelles, est Doyen de la Faculté de droit, sciences économiques et gestion de Nancy. Il y dirige la mention de Master droit de l'entrerprise et, en particulier, la spécialité droit du commerce international. Il est membre du BETA-REGLES (UMR no. 7522), de l'Association suisse d'arbitrage, de l'Association française de droit maritime, du Comité français de l'arbitrage et du Comité français de droit international privé.

Backcover:

Avec l'accélération de la mondialisation de l'économie, le droit du commerce international est désormais une branche essentielle du droit de l'entreprise et des affaires. Les juristes (avocats-conseils, juristes d'entreprise et magistrats) comme les négociateurs doivent en maîtriser les méthodes et la logique car les échanges internationaux concernent aussi bien les PME que les grands groupes.

En adoptant tour à tour le point de vue de l'opérateur du commerce international et celui du régulateur, cet ouvrage privilégie une présentation méthodique et claire de cette matière complexe. il est donc accessible aux étudiants des Facultés de droit, mais aussi à ceux des Ecoles de commerce et des IEP. Par ses notes de bas de page et sa mise à jour des principales sources du droit, il constitue un outil précieux pour les praticiens.

Le point de vue adopté est résolument européen car une place significative est faite aux sources de droit communautaire et aux sources du droit suisse. Mais le cadre universel est également évoqué, avec le droit de l'OMC et les conventions internationales.

Après avoir étudié les grandes libertés économiques au titre de l'accès des opérateurs aux marchés, l'ouvrage propose une présentation détaillée de l'activité des opérateurs sur les marchés, en insistant notamment sur les contrats internationaux et sur les risques du commerce international. Enfin, une approche des modes de règlement des litiges du commerce international est proposée.

Contents

L'ACCES DES OPERATEURS DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL AUX MARCHES

• Le mouvement des capitaux : l'investissement international
• Le mouvement des entreprises : l'établissement
• Le mouvement des marchandises et des services

L'ACTIVITE DES OPERATEURS DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL SUR LES MARCHES

• Les contrats internationaux : instruments des activités du commerce international
• La diversité des activités du commerce international
• La sécurité des activités du commerce international

LE REGLEMENT DES LITIGES DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL

• Le règlement extrajudiciaire des litiges du commerce international
• Le règlement des litiges du commerce international impliquant l'Etat

Other publications by Author: Code maritime - Droit international et droits européens, View under link

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